1. Filler:

• Improve whiteness and brightness: Calcium carbonate imparts a white color to the paper, making it whiter and brighter. This contributes to improving its appearance and making it more attractive to consumers.
• Improved absorption: Calcium carbonate helps absorb ink better, reducing spread on paper and improving print quality.
• Improving thickness and bonding: Calcium carbonate contributes to increasing the thickness of paper and improving the bonding of its fibers, making it more resistant to tearing and deformation.
• Improved softness to the touch: Calcium carbonate creates a soft feeling when touching the paper, making it more comfortable to use.
• Reducing the cost of production: Calcium carbonate is a relatively cheap material, which contributes to reducing the cost of paper production.

1. Removal of heavy metals:

• Calcium carbonate absorbs some heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium from the water, making it safer to drink.
• This is done through the process of ion exchange, where the calcium ions in calcium carbonate exchange with heavy metal ions in the water.
• This process is very effective in removing heavy metals from water, especially when they are present in high concentrations.

1. Uses of calcium carbonate in the manufacture of solar cells:

• Carrier layer:
  • Calcium carbonate can be used as a conducting layer in thin-film solar cells.
  • This layer helps transfer electrons from the active layer to the outer layer.
• Anti-reflective layer:
  • Calcium carbonate can be used as an anti-reflective layer on the surface of solar cells.
  • This layer helps improve light absorption in the active layer.
• Protection layer:
  • Calcium carbonate can be used as a protective layer on the surface of solar cells.
  • This layer helps protect the cell from weather factors and moisture.

1. Filler :

• Calcium carbonate is used as an inorganic filler in the fiberglass industry.
• It is added to polyester resins to increase their volume and reduce their cost.
• Calcium carbonate can improve some of the properties of fiberglass, such as:
  • Power :
    • Calcium carbonate can increase the strength of fiberglass, especially in the compression direction.
  • Hardness :
    • Calcium carbonate can increase the hardness of fiberglass, making it more resistant to scratches and abrasion.
  • Heat resistance :
    • Calcium carbonate can improve the heat resistance of fiberglass.

1. Gold extraction:

• Grinding: Calcium carbonate is used as a grinding material in gold ore processing. It helps break up rocks containing gold into smaller particles, which facilitates the gold extraction process.
• Flotation: Calcium carbonate is used as a catalyst in the gold ore flotation process. It helps bind gold particles to air bubbles, allowing them to be separated from the rest of the materials in the ore.
• Leaching: Calcium carbonate is used as a filtration medium in the cyanide gold extraction process. It helps remove impurities from the cyanide solution that contains gold.

1. Reducing the melting point of the mixture:

• The main component of glass is silica sand (SiO2), which has a high melting point (about 1700 °C).
• Calcium carbonate is added to silica sand to form a mixture called raw glass.
• Calcium carbonate reacts with silica sand at high temperatures to form new compounds with much lower melting points (about 800-900°C).
• This allows the glass to be manufactured more efficiently and with less energy consumption.

1. Reducing the melting point of the mixture:

• The main component of glass is silica sand (SiO2), which has a high melting point (about 1700 °C).
• Calcium carbonate is added to silica sand to form a mixture called raw glass.
• Calcium carbonate reacts with silica sand at high temperatures to form new compounds with much lower melting points (about 800-900°C).
• This allows the glass to be manufactured more efficiently and with less energy consumption.

The role of calcium carbonate in the sugar industry:

• Acidity equation:

Calcium carbonate is used as an acidity-neutralizing agent in sugarcane or beet juice. It reacts with organic acids found in the juice, such as citric acid and malic acid, to form insoluble calcium salts.

• Remove impurities:

Calcium carbonate helps remove impurities from sugar juice, such as phosphates and organic matter. These impurities react with calcium carbonate to form sediments that can be easily removed through filtration.

• Purification:

Calcium carbonate is used in sugar refining, as it helps remove unwanted color and odor from raw sugar.

• Improving sugar quality:

The use of calcium carbonate contributes to improving the quality of the final sugar, making it whiter and purer

Functions of calcium carbonate in paint:

• Filler: Calcium carbonate is used as a filler to reduce the cost of paint without compromising its quality.
• Property enhancer: Calcium carbonate improves coating properties such as viscosity, covering ability, and corrosion resistance.
• Bleach: Calcium carbonate is used as a bleach to increase the whiteness of paint.